63. In Germany, which of the following does not belong to the executive branch?

Answer options

1. the police
2. the courts
3. the tax office (Finanzamt)
4. the ministries

Explanation

Under the separation of powers in Article 20(2) of the Basic Law, executive power is exercised by government and public administration, including ministries, subordinate authorities such as the tax offices, and the police. By contrast, the courts belong to the judicial branch pursuant to Article 92 of the Basic Law and are independent under Article 97. Even where the executive issues statutory instruments under legislative delegations (Article 80) or conducts administrative review proceedings, it remains functionally executive rather than judicial. This clear demarcation reflects lessons drawn from the Weimar crisis and the abuses of power under National Socialism.